Wider Professional Practice Essay Example For Students

Wider Professional Practice Essay ASSIGNMENT UNIT 7 Wider professional practice 1 Write a critical reflection on the extent to which learning can contribute to the personal development, economic growth and community regeneration of your learners. 2 Write an analysis of how relevant government policies and initiatives impact on own role and teaching and learning within the Lifelong Learning Sector. 3 Provide extracts from their ongoing reflective journal to analyse and evaluate: Their understanding of the principles and processes of evaluation including its role in quality assurance. Their own application of evaluation processes, working with others and their use of data and other feedback for evaluation. 4 Have embedded equality of opportunity and respect for diversity within your teaching and learning practice. 5 Examine the impact of their own professional values and judgements on teaching and learning. INTRODUCTION This assignment will explore the ever expanding growth of government’s initiatives, programmes, and policies focusing attention on involving, engaging field of the post compulsory education sector, in particular the assignment shall focus on the key issues of government policies, core professional values and accountability within the Lifelong Learning Sector and how this impacts on the teachers, students and the community. We will write a custom essay on Wider Professional Practice specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Application and evaluation of quality assurance, quality improvement systems and improvement of one’s own professional practice shall be explored. Government’s policies have always and will always impact on the Lifelong Learning Sector (LLS). In 2003, Office for Standards in Education Children’s Services and Skills (OfSTED) highlighted a weakness and the government set about implementing a package of reforms. It noted that much of it was inappropriate for the particular skills that FE teachers were transmitting. Following this, the Foster and Leitch reviews both emphasised the need to improve the reputation of further education colleges and, by extension, the need to raise the reputation of their teaching forces. One such reform ‘Equipping our Teachers for the Future’ was to change the quality of teacher training and introduce a new offer for trainee teachers, leading to a new QTLS award – Qualified Teacher Learning and Skills. The QTLS, a level 5 qualification, will be awarded by the Institute for Learning (IFL). Diploma in Lifelong Learning Sector (DTLLS) was born. Until this point in the Further Education (FE) history no qualification needed to be attained. Although the majority of people teaching in further education colleges have been qualified, there has been an absence of qualifications among people teaching vocational skills. The application of the above reform means that anyone delivering further education provision through a contract with the Learning and Skills Council (LSC) must ensure all trainers, tutors and teachers are registered with the IFL. The IFL has issued a ‘Code of Practice’, the code has seven parts: professional integrity; respecting the rights of learners and colleagues (prohibiting discrimination in areas such as race, disability, gender); taking reasonable care to ensure safety and welfare of learners; professional practice (individuals must prove theyre conforming to IfLs requirement for continuous professional development); disclosure of criminal offences; showing responsibility during any investigation; and abiding by IfL membership conditions (http://www. fl. ac. uk/professional-standards/code-of-professional-practice, 2009) Within the code there is an obligation for QTLS to complete professional practice in the remit of Continuing Professional Development (CPD). The online record will provide evidence that the QTLS is coping positively with change by constantly updating their skill set, thus, the QTLS shall be more productive and efficient. The expectation is that all teachers registered with the IFL shall carry out at least 30 hours a year of CPD. By reflection the CPD will help teachers to consciously apply learning to their role. CPD can be time exhaustive and an expensive outlay. For many teachers that are self-employed teachers/trainers they don’t have the luxury of being able to send their CPD invoices to someone else to pay. We may even see in the future employed teachers picking up the tab for their continued training expenses in the future. What ways might there be to lighten the financial burden on individuals prepared to invest in developing their professional skills? Currently, self-employed individuals can claim tax relief on training expenses provided they can demonstrate that the courses they have attended are pertinent to the business they are in. However, a self-employed teacher/trainer can not invoice ones self for time spent completing the IFL on-line REfLECT to support their professional practice. Within the remit of providing an educational service to companies, customers are putting an emphasis on needing a more skilled workforce which will hopefully meet the ever-higher skills demands of business. To stay marketable in the climate of an economic crisis that England is faced with, achieving the QTLS is imperative for self employed teachers. Prospective customers that receive funding from the Learning Skills Council (LSC) are now expected to have a QTLS to deliver the educational needs. The LSC are highlighting the importance of qualified teachers delivering the training needs, there focus is about employers’ needs, driving up quality, reforming funding and improving efficiency. The LSC believe that students deserve teachers and trainers who are both expert in their subject(s) and skilled at teaching. .u11992a4529d6f2375f40f5c1d5550f7b , .u11992a4529d6f2375f40f5c1d5550f7b .postImageUrl , .u11992a4529d6f2375f40f5c1d5550f7b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u11992a4529d6f2375f40f5c1d5550f7b , .u11992a4529d6f2375f40f5c1d5550f7b:hover , .u11992a4529d6f2375f40f5c1d5550f7b:visited , .u11992a4529d6f2375f40f5c1d5550f7b:active { border:0!important; } .u11992a4529d6f2375f40f5c1d5550f7b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u11992a4529d6f2375f40f5c1d5550f7b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u11992a4529d6f2375f40f5c1d5550f7b:active , .u11992a4529d6f2375f40f5c1d5550f7b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u11992a4529d6f2375f40f5c1d5550f7b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u11992a4529d6f2375f40f5c1d5550f7b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u11992a4529d6f2375f40f5c1d5550f7b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u11992a4529d6f2375f40f5c1d5550f7b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u11992a4529d6f2375f40f5c1d5550f7b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u11992a4529d6f2375f40f5c1d5550f7b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u11992a4529d6f2375f40f5c1d5550f7b .u11992a4529d6f2375f40f5c1d5550f7b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u11992a4529d6f2375f40f5c1d5550f7b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Summary and Critique of â€Å"Disobedience as a Psychological and Moral Problem†The Department for Education and Schools (DfES) strategy Success for All recognises that professional, skilled and qualified teachers are essential and that the learning and skills sector must attract, motivate and retain teachers. With the implication that companies will now have to put their trainers/teachers through the qualification in order to secure funding via the LSC will organisations deterred from contracting to deliver learning? A recent article in the IFL (issue 1) touches on the subject of professionalism and professional bodies. The article invited thought on the distinction between the name of a thing and the description of an approach. The question: ‘Are you professional? ’ Ironically, there has been call that teachers in FE attain the ‘license to practice’ so that they are on a par with school teachers. The introduction of new standards, quality assurance and planning arrangements for initial teacher training were set out after OfSTED highlighted ‘insufficient initial assessment, monitoring and specialist support for college teaching staff’. To achieve the golden kudos of QTLS means either two to three years of studying. It feels all too fascicle in the next breath that the Labour government initiative, which is part of Labours public service reforms, will from September halve the minimum time it takes to train as a qualified teacher in England from a year to six months. Is this not insulting to teachers in FE whom have studied hard and reflected on the world of LLS and that are still not remunerated to school teacher’s pay packets? MP Jim Knight stated in the Times newspaper (http://www. timesonline. co. k) that ‘bankers would probably be excellent mathematicians’ and in light of the economic crisis in the banking world the news of fast track teaching is a fantastic opportunity. No wonder teachers and their union leaders are slamming down their pencils in a hissy fit. Who can blame us? In one breath the government is striving for professionalism in the education sector and in the next, well, are they hell bent on the erosion of the credibility of teachers and all they stand for? Also, what happens when failed bankers that are fast-tracked into teaching if the financial market picks up again in a few years time. Bankers do not always have the skills, personality or values for a career in teaching. Although there are obviously exceptions, these brilliant whizz kids should be judged on the same standards and have the same opportunities as everyone else. Legislation, legislation, legislation or was that Education, education, education? Many aspects of health and social care are subject to legislation. New legal requirements emerge constantly and the government seeks to improve health and social care, often through the introduction of ystems to set standards and to control or modify service provision. Legislation also affects service provision through legislation relating to employment, health and safety and use of public funding through related services such as education. Political factors also influence the ways that which services are offered. The legal framework for the social care sector has changed considerably since 2000, and there are now specific minimum requirements for qualifications and training in all areas. Current legal requirements for training in social care stem primarily from the introduction of the Care Standards Act 2000(http://www. cqc. org. uk/). This was introduced in response to many concerns about the quality of care being provided in all types of organisations. More detailed legislation was then introduced in a number of related sector-specific Regulations, after which National Minimum Standards (NMSs) were published by the Department of Health and it is these that contain the details of the training and quality assurance, systems and procedures. Sociological factors in the Health and Social industry, demographic and lifestyle elements can alter the needs of the community and successful employment into the industry. As the population ages, this impacts enormously on this sector, both in terms of the workforce and the services provided. Recruitment to the sector has proven difficult of a variety of reasons, but for young people in particular, the lack of ‘work readiness’ skills are a common issue. The Leitch review of skills predicted that the number of low-skilled jobs would decline dramatically over the next few years, thus, reducing the number of young people who are NEET (not in any form of education). Employment or training is about making sure that young people particularly 16- and 17-year-olds remain in education and training to get the skills and qualifications they need to thrive in the  economy, and that they make a successful transition to further education or employment at age 18. 4-19 Education is a huge area of ever growing interest fortunately. The White Paper ’14-19 Education and Skills, which was the government’s response of 2004 to the Tomlinson Report implemented the young people should be leaving full time education with competency in English and Maths, that vocational options are improved, that academic qualifications offer a suitable stretch to motivate learners. The diplomas re designed with input from employers; the qualification combi nes theoretical study with real work situations and develops skills highly valued by employers and universities. It has been designed to develop future employees for the children and young people’s workforce, health, community justice and adult social care sectors, giving the students an insight into the world of work and helping them to make informed decisions about their future careers. .u90ccf23cfffd3a7e2156554d5003420b , .u90ccf23cfffd3a7e2156554d5003420b .postImageUrl , .u90ccf23cfffd3a7e2156554d5003420b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u90ccf23cfffd3a7e2156554d5003420b , .u90ccf23cfffd3a7e2156554d5003420b:hover , .u90ccf23cfffd3a7e2156554d5003420b:visited , .u90ccf23cfffd3a7e2156554d5003420b:active { border:0!important; } .u90ccf23cfffd3a7e2156554d5003420b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u90ccf23cfffd3a7e2156554d5003420b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u90ccf23cfffd3a7e2156554d5003420b:active , .u90ccf23cfffd3a7e2156554d5003420b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u90ccf23cfffd3a7e2156554d5003420b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u90ccf23cfffd3a7e2156554d5003420b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u90ccf23cfffd3a7e2156554d5003420b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u90ccf23cfffd3a7e2156554d5003420b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u90ccf23cfffd3a7e2156554d5003420b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u90ccf23cfffd3a7e2156554d5003420b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u90ccf23cfffd3a7e2156554d5003420b .u90ccf23cfffd3a7e2156554d5003420b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u90ccf23cfffd3a7e2156554d5003420b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: XDSL Technology EssayThe demand on healthcare professionals will continue to be very strong, particularly at support worker level. It is anticipated that 200,000 additional jobs will be created by 2014 (UKHCA). The skills gained from completing a 14-19 diploma within the sector are transferrable: Literacy, numeracy, languages, ICT, good listening skills, non judgemental attitudes, team working, ability to communicate complex information, empathy and the ability to put people at ease, customer focus and handling, leadership and problem solving. One of the foreseeable problems in the Care Sector with the 14-19 diplomas is age limitations. For example, the General Social Care Council (GSCC) states that personal care should only be performed by 18 years old plus. So that in mind, will the diploma encompass the full package, especially the intrinsic personal care? However it is important that young people have some exposure to the real work place and develop a basic understanding of what is required of them in that environment. Teachers/trainers working with this age group will now have be more creative, especially as most have come into the industry to teach adults as opposed to teenagers. The pressure is on to evaluate the possible impact on one’s teaching ability. Evaluation normally focuses around the training room and normally the perception of what the student has learnt and their experience of the teaching. Within the social care sector the evaluation has become more structured and accountable. External evaluation and auditing of teaching is now a common place, with governing bodies such as Care Quality Commission (CQC), Health and Safety Executives (HSE) and OfSTED. The bodies are examining the training in terms of how it is equipping the workforce with required knowledge, values and skills that will attribute to the goals of the organisation. The teachers/trainers are now under more scrutiny, which can only be a positive, to see if they are facilitating effect learning and engaging all learners. The process of evaluation brings quality to an organisation. Establishing a clear evaluation process is a catalyst for change. An easy example is Kolb Experimental Cycle; that is, to identify needs or experience, reflect on them, analyse them, and decide on future action. Future action leads to a teacher/trainer improving their own professional practice, the power of reflective practice is important to the development of all professionals not just teachers as it enables us to learn from our experiences. Developing reflective practice means developing ways of reviewing our own teachings so that it becomes a routine and a process by which we might continuously develop. An implication of this is that the professional values and personal commitment of a teacher should have an integral relationship and understanding and professional skills and abilities. But entering the profession now requires a level of dedication. As a teacher entering the LLS accountability needs to be applied when teaching to ensure equal support is given to all learners. Conclusion I have come to realise that through the requirement of the IFL to complete a annual CPD of 30 hours can only be have a positive impact on the world of post compulsory education. There must be accountability on the part of the teachers of the future and an obligation to the students. It is evident that a comprehensive knowledge of one’s subject is not enough to get by in the world of teaching anymore. Teachers, like doctors, should be accountable and should have a public duty. I have always thought that a good teacher/trainer is someone who can impart information onto their learners but I now see that it takes a lot more than just that. I also think just as I’ll get my head around an aspect or legislation and it will change as does the seasons! But after all it’s all about development and education, education, education! I think the way forward is to; combine vocational and academic qualifications, gains as many qualifications as possible throughout their career as some only have a short shelf life with the exception of the degrees of course. Continuous professional development is here to stay!! Word 2445 Bibliography http://www. timesonline. co. uk (accessed 1/05/09) http://www. ifl. ac. uk/professional-standards/code-of-professional-practice, (Accessed 30/05/2009) http://www. lsc. gov. uk (accessed 1/06/09) http://www. ofsted. gov. uk (accessed 3/06/09) http://publications. dcsf. gov. uk (accessed 5/06/09) http://www. cqc. org. uk/guidanceforprofessionals/socialcare/careproviders/guidance. (accessed 5/06/09) http://www. ukhca. co. uk/pdfs/homecarer_previous. pdf(accessed 6/06/09)

Unrestricted Trade Essay Example

Unrestricted Trade Essay Example Unrestricted Trade Paper Unrestricted Trade Paper Unrestricted International trade is the importing and/or exporting of goods and services between different countries around the world. When international trade is unrestricted it allows access to any or all countries that wish to partake in this style of trade or exchange. Although there are a few downfalls to unrestricted trade, for instance the risk of receiving unsafe items such as; food, toys etc. I do not oppose unrestricted international trade; I am in favor of unrestricted international trade. I personally believe that the overall outcome of unrestricted international trade is exceedingly beneficial for the economy, government, society etc; not only in our country but within other countries as well. I am also for unrestricted trade because it allows for more competition, which is ultimately more satisfying and appeasing to the consumers. If we were limited to only the goods and services that our country could provide, the cost of certain goods or services might be higher than the prices for goods and services that would have been provided by another country. It is my belief that international trade should increase in order to continue globalization. The U. S. has bilateral free trade agreements with 5 countries in the Middle East, and those countries account for 38% of all the trading that takes place in that region. (Shikh, 2008) According to Shikh, Free Trade Agreements (FTA) has proved to be one of the best ways to open foreign markets and the competitive positions between the United States and other countries. I believe that if we have unrestricted international trade we will ultimately become beneficial and profitable. Not only will unrestricted international trade be beneficial to the U. S. but it could possibly make other foreign countries more profitable and beneficial as well. | | Reference: Shaikh, A. (2008) International Trade Administration: Bilateral Accords and U. S. trade with the Middle East. A Track Record of Success.

Legal Systems Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Legal Systems - Assignment Example On March 22, 2005 six men were acquitted from a fraud case costing 60 million. Considered to be one of Britain's longest and costliest fraud trials, it just collapsed after twenty-one months of court proceedings at London's Old Bailey.2 The jury's inability to come up with a fair verdict was pointed out to be the reason for such failure. There had been disruptions and problems with the selected jury and further allegations regarding an unfair trial rose. The verdict cause the public to not to remain in silence that caused unrest among the government. This situation led to the Attorney general to impose on the Criminal Act of 2003 regarding fraud trials that put the juries out of the scene. 4 There had been protests even when it was proposed by the Attorney General Lord Lord Goldsmith. However, the pressure to remove juries from the most difficult cases dates back to the Roskill committee on fraud trials, which recommended trial by a judge with expert lay assessors in 1986.5 The implementation of Part 7 of the Criminal Justice Act of 2003 seemed to be the most appropriate practice in complex fraud trials as what happened in the Jubilee line trial. The Government is no longer willing to lose millions of money spent on a single trial thus a trial without a jury is an alternative. The parliament's approval on the said proposition was justifiable through certain aspects that may seem unreasonable for some conservative groups who are not able to see the real deal behind the fraud trials with a judge-only trial. Further explanations regarding this provision were explained in the Explanatory Memorandum to the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (Commencement No. 12 and Transitory Provisions) Order 005. The following are some of the details regarding its implementation. The Government considers that there are certain fraud cases where the length or complexity of the trial is likely to be so burdensome to the jury that it is in the interests of justice that the trial be conducted without a jury by a judge sitting alone. Provisions in Part 7 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 give effect to this policy and provide for prosecution applications for certain fraud cases to be conducted without a jury. The requirement that the provisions apply only to cases where a notice has been given under section 51B of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 limits them to cases of serious or complex fraud.6 The provisions operate only where an application is made by the prosecution, the judge is satisfied that the length or complexity of the trial is likely to make it so burdensome upon the jury that the interests of justice require a non jury trial, and the Lord Chief Justice or a judge nominated by him gives his approval.7 It is the Minister's view that the provisions in Part 7 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 for non jury trials for certain fraud cases are compatible with Convention Rights, as Article 6 of the Convention (right to a fair trial) does not include a right to trial by jury. The Joint Committee on Human Rights commented (Second Report: Criminal Justice Bill, paragraph 5) -

Role of Gertrude in Hamlet's tragedy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Role of Gertrude in Hamlet's tragedy - Essay Example He eventually takes it up as a mission to reveal it to the public in different ways like conducting a play (within Hamlet) for the audience, in the hope that those with insight would see the truth for themselves. He cannot repeat the same act of killing because he has a soft heart. This makes him even madder. He attempts to kill Claudius but gets into an argument with himself. Throughout the play he fights with himself, questioning his existence, wondering if he is his father’s son or his uncle’s. He wonders if his mother is really mourning her husband’s death or is she faking it. He doubts his own emotions towards Ophelia and shares all his grieves with his only friend Horatio. Obsessed by his madness he attempts to confront his mother, Gertrude. In that scene he accidentally kills Polonius, an act that adds to his insanity. We confront another death in the play and our eyes seek for a person to step forward and claim the cause of tragedy. It is Gertrude who see ms to have more weight than the rest of the major characters and this paper will explore her role in the play. Queen Gertrude, Hamlet’s mother appears in ten of the play’s twenty scenes, but speaks lesser than Ophelia, Hamlet’s lover. She is considered to be an innocent character in the play. She is said to be completely unaware of the murder of her first husband. Her very first appearance in Hamlet takes place in Act I Scene ii, with King Claudius who lets the audience know that he has married his brother’s widow. Her silence gives way to the lunacy Hamlet experiences. She also finds fault in her son to be still grieving on his father’s death. Gertrude’s politeness and innocence is the very sting that complicates matters. Hamlet is expecting more than this. He is expecting his mother to wail and resist the changing state of affairs. When he lashes out at her in response to her inquiry, she becomes concerned about his condition and speaks as if confessing her sins: O Hamlet, speak no more: Thou turn’st my very eyes into my soul, And there I see such black and grained spots As will not leave their tinct (III.iv) And again: O speak to me no more; these words like daggar enter my ears; No more, sweet Hamlet! Hamlet’s words are like a dagger entering her ears but as the ghost appears and she does not see it, she calls him mad. The situation could not be any better. We can see her at another instance, high spirited, hoping that her efforts to heal Hamlet, with the rest are going to work out. She is the antithesis of her son. She sees her penitence as a result of her son’s harsh words and not as a consequence of her own actions. She is too weak to make a decision of her own and relies on others to give instructions. It seems wise to ask â€Å"What shall I do† in response to Hamlet’s accusations. She remains submissive or at least she pretends she is when Hamlet sarcastically bids her to kee p the King away from her bed and do not consider her son as mad. Not this, by no means that I bid you do: Let the bloat King†¦ Make you to ravel all this matter out, That I am essentially not in madness, But mad in craft. ‘Twere good you let him know, For who that’s but a queen, fair, sober, wise, Would from a paddock, from a bat, a gib, Such dear

Motivating High School Students Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Motivating High School Students - Essay Example Creating changes in the planning of courses whereby the teacher is forced to have many choices of materials use in motivating these students. The teacher can spend time on discussions in class activities imposes emotion, social and moral parts of education. This is normally an effective method of motivating students to act on difficult topics in their studies. These students should be encouraged to read more books to gain more knowledge for themselves in various aspects of their studies. Teachers are asked to focus on the students matter culturally, linguistically and socially and at the same time, they should encourage the students to choose subjects that are of interest to them. These high school students should be allowed choose a unit of their study whereby, the teacher can relate the student's preferences of the subjects by asking them questions on the subjects they like and those they dislike. 1 Motivation, in this case the high school teachers who are serious and are engaged in educating this category of students in high schools must apply the teaching techniques they have acquired in order to motivate these students to achieve their goals in school where by each child should be involved in every meaningful learning while at school. The first step that a teacher is recommended to take is to know what the students like or dislike about the school activities and what they would recommend the school to do to enable them have an environment that makes them to learn better. The teacher should also interview the other teachers including carrying out class observations whereby the teacher is enabled to know the strengths and weaknesses of each student who needs motivation under this, the teacher should include the activities and preferences of each student with their personal goals. The teacher should therefore learn to like all students despite their differences in school work performances. He should create an environment for every student in which they can be free to ask their own questions, under this, the teacher is recommended not to be too serious thus he should engage himself in creating funs during his lessons in order to break the boredom that some students may be facing which leads them to dislike the particular teacher which may lead to poor performance by the students in that particular subject that the teacher teaches. Teachers are encouraged to be caring and be able to give attention and assistance to each and every student in his class. This is said to be normally the major factor leading to improvement in the achievement of the students' school goals. The teacher who is engaged in motivating the students should therefore ensure that the students are given personal assistance using various teaching strategies which ensures that every student begin his study work with a success before proceeding to a more challenging work, therefore, the teacher should start by working on the strength of the student but not on his weakness. 2 The teacher is supposed to create an environment in which students are allowed to explain a difficult

English Language A Chief Medium Of Communication English Language Essay

English Language A Chief Medium Of Communication English Language Essay According to Encarta on line, the English language is the chief medium of communication of people in the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. Since the middle of the 20th century, English language has become widespread around the world. It is often considered the world language. English in South Africa is mainly learned as a means to gain access to knowledge in various fields. THEORETICAL CONSIDERATION AND THE PROBLEMS OF READING SKILL Theoretical considerations in this research, comprises problems of reading skills in first additional language. Lado (1996:159) states that: consider learning to read in foreign language as grasping meaning in the language through its written symbols. Similar views were echoed by Gritter (1977:245) when he equated reading to direct communication from the printed page to the readers mind. The central theme of this study was that reading skills seemed to lose its value due to numerous problems and lack of motivation in reading at schools. Different challenges, such as educators being not well trained in facilitating reading skills; lack of support systems; illiteracy; poor socio-economic; interference of L1 and first additional language; learners environment; and technological systems, seem to hinder the progress and development of reading skill. In the economic sector, employers found that many African job applicants were unable to read and to fill in English application forms. Since there are few native speakers of English in Limpopo Province, Lebowakgomo Circuit in particular, English literacy is limited. Insufficient training in reading skills on the part of teachers. Blame for poor reading result was laid on lack of effective reading instruction on the part of educators. Carlson (1972:32) supports this thus; public schools have been blamed for not having strong programme of organized phonics and lack of instruction in the decoding of sounds the letters represent. The researcher agrees that educators are the cornerstones of reading skill activities. As such, they needed intensive in-service training in order to practise their duties effectively and improve on poor reading results. Devine et al.; (1987:254) confirmed that there is a general agreement among teachers and students that the reading sections are responsible for the high failure rate. The researcher agrees that lack of instruction in the decoding of the sounds is the main explanation why many disadvantaged learners are retarded in reading. It is also the reason for high illiteracy rate among both the young and adults in South Africa, and Limpopo Province in particular. Owen (1992:97) noted that teachers were aware of the limitations of their childrens reading performance in global terms. However, decisions, about the most effective remediation strategies to deploy in particular cases have been hampered by the lack of training. The socio-economic status of the subjects According to Johnson (1992:158), Low Socio-Economic Status in a previous cultural setting was not necessarily associated with low achievement. That is, according to the records, some learners from Low Socio Economic Status perform well in reading L2. They sometimes out shines learners from High Socio Economic Status. The problems in assessment of reading skills in secondary schools Assessment is an important aspect which is viewed as a tool to measure strength and weakness of the learners. It is used as an extrinsic and intrinsic motivation to learners, so that they read more during their spare time. Educators give learners a sense of recognition through reading skill assessment. Assessment helps educators to assess a learners reading skill to make informed decisions about what or where to stress when teaching the learner to read. According to Farr (1970:1), most evaluation programs in reading education are too limited. In assessing the abilities of students, teachers to place more emphasis on the results of standardized reading tests and fail to consider such learners, behaviour as what learners read, attitude toward reading and use of reading to search for answers to personal problem. The research questions include reading attitude. They refer to feelings that results in learners particular approach to reading. Attitude influences the desire to read. Conley (1992:89) states that positive reading attitudes are essential for success in any content area, negative attitudes accompany reading failure. Alexander Filler (1976) add that, when students have favourable attitudes towards reading, they tend to increase in achievement and they read more. The word assessment should mean more than obtaining test scores from learners, it should be seen as a value to what it assesses, and that is challenges in reading first additional language. Reading skill against technology. The other goals of this study are to find if there is a predictable relationship between technological systems and time spent on voluntary reading. The researcher believes that technological system challenges the development of reading skill in a positive and negative way. He enjoys the support of other scholars, such as, Mangieri et al., (1982:172), who maintain that many children today do not enjoy reading in their spare time and seldom choose to read when other activities are available to them. Moreover, Sunday Times (21 May 2006:8) agrees with this statement by stating that, Television viewing has become the predominant leisure of youngsters. Some 77, 4% of them watch TV three or more times a week. The researcher will investigate if this picture portrays is what is happening in the Lebowakgomo Circuit. May (1986:262) also add that, at home, reading frequently competes with the omnipresence of television and its titbits of instant culture and its instant action. May (1986:262) continue to say that, numerous studies have shown that the average elementary child watches television more than we would like him/she to. He continues to say that, one of the reasons why pupils do not do much reading outside the school is that television provides tough competition for books. The researcher also observed that most children are watching television until late in the evening. This tendency was observed during the fifteen years of democracy. It is because after the 1994 elections, having electricity at home was a right not a privilege. This includes rural, semi-rural and urban area in Limpopo Province. As such, some rural learners had the opportunity of having television at their homes. Most of urban area learners move from television viewing to computer games, which is equally a waste of their time. All this leisure happens at the cost of reading their books. Beard (1988:7) supports the statement when he notes that competing activities such as television viewing and home computers are edging out the habit of reading. The problems of relationship between L1 and first additional language reading The cultural aspect or context of reading infers that the educator and learner understand the basic knowledge of their mother tongue: that is, the histories, literature, current world position and changes involving their native languages. These aspects show the importance of the learners background knowledge. This view is supported by Lado (1996:5) who argues that: theoretically, in reading a language, it would mean sharing of a culture in order to be able to appreciate fully the works in the target language. The extent to which reading a language entails reading of a culture would be determined by the purpose for which language was being studied. In South African, there is a national agreement that it is better to learn first in ones native language, in order to build on what has been learned naturally about reading in L1. The advantages of using a childs native language as a bridge in transitional situations are self-evident. It builds on what children know, that is, their home language. Their own language is learned naturally using their own cognitive framework. This will promote their self-esteem, because it accepts what is an integral part of them. It makes them comfortable during the difficult transition of learning to read in first additional language. Mitchell Myles (1998:13) support the above view by saying that everyday observation tells us that learners performance in a second language is influenced by the language that they already know. Pronunciation bears traces of their first language. SPECIALISTS/SCHOLARS OPINIONS ON THE CONCEPT OF READING. The researcher wanted to find out what other researchers and theorist say about reading. What is reading? According to the editor, Horton, and writer, Good Acre (1990:120), this is the most difficult and complex question to answer, and, to some extent, it depends on who is asking the question. There are different kinds of reading. They are, namely, Skimming, Search Reading, Browsing, Careful Reading and Independent Reading. The researcher was interested in doing research on of Careful Reading and Independent Reading. It is because careful reading is associated with reading text, story books and other instructions. Independent Reading helped learners to develop Our lives and environments are surrounded by different kinds of information. Some information is read from the books, newspapers, magazines, instructions from the medications and road signs. Robert (1996:1) points out that reading can make us more aware of our world and more aware of ourselves. It can stretch our imagination and deepen and enliven our experience. It can provoke us to think by challenging our assumptions. Bearne (1998:48) argues that reading is a social and cultural process where not only homes and classrooms play their part, but larger institutions and cultural influence such as governments and the media contribute to what being a reader involves. Bearne views reading as an interactive process that brings meaning to the text that you read. Shelly (1986:50) says that experts agree that reading is not simply a hierarchically arranged set of sub-skills easily taught and tested, but that it is a complex skill requiring the coordination of a number of interrelated sources of information. Shelly (1986:50) further says reading is viewed as the foundation of learning and the key to success in school. The researcher wants to agree with Shelly because if the learners reading skill is well polished, he or she will have minimal problems in coping with content subjects as far as reading is concerned. Grolier (1979:28) argues that reading has to do with the process of attaching meaning to certain written symbols. As the word meets the eye, the reader is stimulated to make a mental picture of the action meaning. The symbols awaken meaning that is already in the mind of the reader. Neil (1988:28) adds that reading is creative, what any reader derives from the printed page is not exactly what some other readers would get or even what the author had in mind. It means that the interpretation of text will always differ from other readers perspective, due to different context, home language and other factors. Carlson (1972:6) found that men of perception and ambition quickly realized that, the art of reading was the lever to free themselves from the bonds of ignorance and gain status in the society. Reading was the basic skill that ought to be mastered by all as the key to sustain an economically self sufficient and effective citizenship. Encyclopaedia (Q-R Vol.16:10) notes that the main goal of education is to teach people to read. Reading is one of the principal ways of transmitting a culture of learning from one generation to another. The failure to read can keep people away from full participation in their society. Devine et al., (1987:2) state that reading is a multifaceted, complex and interactive process that involves many sub-skills and types of readers as well as text variables. Everything about the readers background, especially culture specific knowledge and experiences, are relevant to successful reading and comprehension. Wepner et al., (1988:160) assert that reading is a constructive process, reading must be fluent, strategic, it requires motivation. Reading is a continuous developing skill. A truly top-down approach to L2 reading has been advanced in 1979. The following: Steffensen, Joag-dev Anderson, (1979); Carrell (1981, 1982); Carrel and Eisterhold (1983); Johnson (1981, 1982); and Hudson (1982) agree that top-down L2 reading not only views the reader as an active participant in the reading process; making predictions and processing information, but everything in the readers prior experience or background knowledge plays a potential role in the process. Robert (1996:1) says reading can make us more aware of our world and ourselves. It can stretch our imagination and deepen and enliven our experience. It can provoke us to think by challenging our assumptions. It can help us make sense of our lives and our world by providing us with explanations that relate what we see, hear, think, and learn. It can enrich our understanding of issues that affect our world and lives. The ability to read in first additional language with understanding is an important skill in our modern society. We need to bring together the relevant challenges of reading to build a comprehensive theory of reading. THEORIES OF READING The researcher discusses theories and theoretical frame work of reading skill. The reading theories, their principles and functions will be discussed in details. Larsen (1991:222) states that a theory is more or less formal, more or less explicit, synthesis of what is known at a given point in time about some natural phenomenon, such as factors involved in L2 reading. Theories of reading view reading as cognitive activity which largely takes place in mind. Three types of reading theories are, namely, bottom-up, top down and interactive. The brief explanation of theories is as follows. Top-down theory of reading Goodman (1982) says it is the level at which the reader starts with a general idea or schema derived from previously acquired knowledge and uses this schema in perceiving and interpreting graphic cues. Everything in the readers prior experience or background knowledge plays a potential role in the process of reading L2. The reading text; genre, socio-cultural, general world and linguistic knowledge code of the learner, are included in the background knowledge. Interactive theory of reading True reading involves perception of meaning at different levels. Interaction process is the interaction between bottom-up and top-down levels. When the reader starts with the perception of graphics, but as soon as these are recognized as familiar, schemata derived from both linguistic knowledge of the world in general are brought into play. According to Conley (1992:54), good readers combine knowledge they already possess with information in texts and with feature of the context in order to construct meaning. This is interacting among reader, the text and the context. Patricia (1987:24) confirms that reading is an interactive process between the reader and the text. It has been recognized by Goodman (1967, 1971) Kolers (1969) Smith (1971). It is only recently that the interactive view of reading has been acknowledged in L2 reading. L2 reading was viewed as a decoding process, a reconstruction of the authors intended meaning via recognizing the letters and words, and building up a semantic representation of the texts meaning from the smallest textual units at the bottom to the largest at the top. Bottom-up theory of reading Bottom-up is processes were graphemes are forming words, words forming sentence, sentences forming paragraphs. Devine et al., (1987:24) explain that, early work on L2 reading, by Rivers (1964, 1968); Plaister (1968), Yorio (1971), assumed a rather passive, bottom-up view of L2 reading. Reading was viewed primarily as a decoding process, a reconstructing of the authors intended meaning via recognizing the letters and words, and building up a semantic representation of the texts meaning, from the smallest textual units at the bottom to the largest at the top. Devine (1987:177) states that linguistic schema is the knowledge of the letters and the corresponding sounds; both alone and in cluster, and the ability to predict through the knowledge of syntax, the word or words that will follow, example, phonics, grammar, and letter recognition. Ralenala (2003:54) believes that because of poor language proficiency, learners tend to use bottom-up processing strategies that, in turn, cause them to disregard the context relevant to a coherent interpretation of text. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the above- mentioned theoretical framework of challenges of reading and assessment skills ranges from different concepts. It looked into different writers views on reading, discussed why reading assessment in first additional language is important, covers L1 and first additional language interference. It touched on theories, interdependent systems and strategies that play an important role in reading. In order to promote positive and realistic expectations of first additional language reading, educators should know as about their learners existing knowledge and capabilities of reading in English. Everything in the readers prior experience or background knowledge plays a critical role in the process of reading first additional language.

Slavery by Another Name

Matt Henderson Dr. Hilbert The Cigarette Century March 23, 2009 The Cigarette Century Book Review The Cigarette Century, the undisputed rise and dramatic decline of cigarette consumption in the United States. There are powerful cultural values that account for the resilience of the cigarette and the all the drama that comes along with it. The once ever popular and more noticeable behavior smoking had as we have seen it progress and sometimes decline has eventually become a marginalized and often stigmatized practice. The modern cigarette, was born in the late 19th century in the U.S, but for the longest time remained the industry's neglected and undersold user placing 2nd under chewing tobacco and pipe tobacco. The rise of the cigarette simply changed the American Culture, burning through the nations industry, government, and obviously the science and health organizations as well. Cigarettes has more than fifty illnesses and twenty causes of death associated with it. It’s abso lutely insane to think at one point America saw smoking as glamorous or even a symbol of elegance, devastating millions of people with the effects of smoking and the cancers it holds as well.During World War I and World War II, cigarettes were rationed to soldiers. In some countries as well as the U. S, made cigarettes a state monopoly, which the Unites states determines certain cigarette taxes and where tobacco for the cigarette is considered an essential product which tends to get the least taxed. In this case, the government says that tobacco for the cigarette is a necessity because so many people buy them and essentially helps America grow stronger and in a lot of cases weaker along with the cigarette.Giant pieces of culture, science, politics, law and global spread of the cigarette doesn’t even pause to analyze the paradox of smoking that ultimately turns into your death. Smokers in America are ambushed with a wide variety of overwhelming tobacco advertising; cultural ae sthetics, peer pressure, the ever addicting nicotine, and turning to the youth urging for rebellion against the normality’s of society. The boom in smoking after World War I was recognized as well seen as a relaxant in order to combat the scalding stress of trench warfare.The cigarette dawned with the age and support from substantial manufacturing advances in technology and marketing strategies, which was further moved along by dramatic shifts in American culture and social norms following the end of World War I. The cigarette and tobacco industry engulfed the entire nation in a single heartbeat. In the early 1900’s, cigs accounted an astonishing 5% of all domestic tobacco that is until the near midcentury and the outbreak of the second World War nearly half of all adults smoked and even more for the enlisted men and women of the armed forces.All of a sudden cigarettes were everywhere with ashtrays littering every room: offices, clubs, and practically every American ho me as well. As Brandt describes that the tobacco companies were the rotten eggs from the start, they began to exploit and expand their product to the waiting hands of Americans. No health hazards of smoking were ever proven so it just seemed to add to the fact that smoking was ok and were readily available to all who wished to purchase them.However the cigarette and its mothering tobacco companies took a devastating blow after World War II when the connection was made between smoking and lung cancer. Being faced with crushing news the tobacco industry constructed a formidable defense not denying the health risks of smoking, but illustrated another side to the story stating pleasurable affects and other broad statements that people were skeptical about. Brandt also writes that his book, â€Å"The Cigarette Century† breaks out into a meticulous record of numerous courtroom clashes that basically defined the life of a cigarette and its place in American society.However these inf amous trials have yet to cripple the industry as Brandt and many others had hoped to happen, but they have delivered mortal wounds more effectively in the beginning which brought upon years of documentation on the industries personal outlook on health concerns. Brandt Quotes â€Å"Create an even Bigger Monster (AIDS) that has made every transaction since then feel like a deal with the devil, on top of a dance of death. † He also concludes that cigarette tobacco is cancer causing and promoting, extremely poisonous, and unfortunately stimulating, pleasurable and lavorful. No other domestic or imported has even come close to being so heavily promoted or so deeply interlocked with the American consciousness. Also the invention of mass marketing ultimately lead to cigs being presented in advertising and film having deep ties and connections with fame and sex appeal. Even more surprising is that this product, cigarette tobacco has endured more scrutiny and criticism than any other product in the world. New medical research and pure knowledge of tobacco has also shaped the evolution and creation of modern medicine as well.In a last ditch effort Brandt tells the audience that these tobacco companies are trying to delay and disrupt these studies that could potentially destroy the cigarette industry. But even as American culture has begun to show dominance and declined consumption cigarettes look to expand into new global markets. Before the cigarette thee was tobacco. Having being domesticated by early Native Americans tobacco and its many products would remain a foundation in our nation’s economy. Tobacco played a central role in behaviors, rituals, and social activities of the modern American.James Duke almost single handedly invented the modern day cigarette. U. S manufactures deployed hundreds of cig rollers in an effort to increase the demand; however there were many attempts to replace these workers with machines; however the machines proved no matc h against the speed and precision of the human hand. Although the breakthrough came when James Bonsack introduced a rolling machine that could produce 200 cigs per minute basically as much as a human hand could produce in an hour’s time thus came the end of human rollers in the late 1800’s.It would be almost 2 decades later that the tobacco companies and congress would collide under the violation of the Sherman Act with basically sets limits on cartels and monopolies which fall under the antitrust laws. These laws created by congress established free trade amongst companies, banning anti-competitive practices that tend to lead to such a dominant position, and supervising the mergers and acquisitions of large corporations. In May 1911, The American Tobacco Company was found guilty of violating the Sherman antitrust act and was ordered to dissolve.More court cases would present themselves under violation of the Sherman antitrust act as key elements of cigarette consumpti on had been clearly established. Many of these attributes went hand in hand with the increasing aggressiveness of the promotion of youth. The cigarettes dangerously addictive ingredients assured that once people became a smoker, you’d most likely remain a smoker. Duke never realized that cigarette would dominate the tobacco industry for decades to come as others thought it was just another fad in tobacco’s long history.What he failed to realize was that this product, which he had done so much to invent would be a stepping stone of its modern development. Economic success and its material trappings of the cigarette invited moral failure. As the growing popularity of the cigarette threatened to shatter aspects of these threatened values, their guardians, the antitobacco movement would mount a defense against this upcoming threat. Brandt, states that it’s a fight to free our beloved nation from a form of mental slavery.In Los Angeles people that believed in the ant itobacco movement were drawn into its cause and decided to seek treatment for their tobacco addictions thus changing American culture and promoting the idea of self-awareness of an individual’s health. Although in New York petitioned to repeal a law that had banned cigarettes on the rear bumpers of their cars in which tobacco companies supported. This very act of more public space marked a critical attribute to the rise of the cigarette. The use of cigarettes in the military became the frontlines of this epic battleground.The cigarette to un-enlisted men seemed to project an image of military decorum as they were soon quick to enlist, however the military recommended that enlistees under the age of 21 be prohibited from smoking which rapidly ran into harsh resistance. By the time the United States entered World War I opposition of any age in the military seemed to cease to exist as the high risk of death throughout the was seemed to have some gratification when it came to smo king cigarettes in the trenches. The moral threat of smoking seemed just fine and seemed positively safe in the short run compared to all the violence and war going around the men.General Pershing of the United States Army pleaded back to the home front that they needed tobacco as much as bullets in order to win the war clearly showing the government yielding to cigarettes and its tobacco. Soldiers and pro-smoker activists agreed that tobacco may not be a necessity in life but it sure helps ease the hardships of war as nothing else could do making it seem like the culture now resided around the cigarette. During the war the American public combined its resources and shifted its views towards smoking and actually started to construct funds or smoking comforts for the boys overseas. The Army being surprised by the public effort began to issue out tobacco rations. Both World Wars would now mark the critical point in establishing the cigarette as the most dominate product of the modern American consumer culture. Rather than disrupting the rise of the consumer culture, both wars actually seemed to be accelerating the process. More overwhelmingly due to promotional efforts being closely tied to patriotism and morale, was proving to be incredibly successful transforming the cigarette into an ultimate cultural icon.After the war, people were committed to the cigarette and the taste that came with it. The â€Å"Coming of the Camel† by R. J Reynolds was the first to jump on the bandwagon and go after the taste of the cigarette being that the taste depended as much on the American culture as it did on the blend of tobacco. It was here that Camel became the first truly national cigarette brand covering the nation with its new taste and style. The ongoing attacks led by non-smokers paradoxically made the cigarette even more powerful symbol of the modern culture and polished its appeal to all ages.More importantly the more violent and aggressive the attacks on cigare ttes occurred the more popular it came. This cigarette century has finally arrived in America. Cigarettes and smoking quickly spread through the culture and into gender sexuality, new manufacturing agencies and in a new age of consumer consumption and its design. These companies soon realized that smoking had become the social norm and they soon grew eager to shape the new territory. Going after the women smokers companies advertised using women in frequent tobacco ads in an attempt to conjure both the female and the male.The goal of the ads were simply to transform the young school girls and boys of America and convert them into cigarette addicts regardless of the already established medical and health findings on smoking dangers. Political figures and policy makers seemed to approve the creation of the product because of its increasingly positive effect on the nation’s economy. The cigarette really suggested too many that its demand could be recognized and shaped by the tec hniques of advertising simply finding out Americas likes and dislikes and wants and what it doesn’t want from the cigarette.The cigarette in this case simply reflected on the importance of its design in order to organize the new consumer consciousness for both male and female along with constructing the meaning and purpose of their product. There was intense competition as aggressive tactics copy and packaging were crucial in the destruction of all the competing tobacco companies. Companies invested millions into advertising their product through TV or even through the daily newspaper in order to reach out to their consumers. As new advertising media became available the industries moved quickly to seize these promotional opportunities.During the 1930’s tobacco companies became the most famous and prolific advertisers on the commercial radio broadcasting to millions of Americans nationwide. By the 1930’s it became eminently clear that cigarettes would once again dominate over all the other forms of tobacco consumption. The cigarette had surprising reverberated throughout the entire economy pushing tobacco to be the 4th largest cash crop in the nation and in some states it was the 1st. It had deeply seeded itself in the American culture and by the middle of the century had become central command in the modern nation’s industrial economy.Even as the consumer culture flourished, criticism remained, not only to the cigarette but the cultural norms as well. It would only become later in the century that health risks of smoking would present themselves in very powerful ways. The cigarette, the ultimate icon of our consumer culture, serves as a vehicle for people to explore critical aspects of American life. From agriculture to big business, from medicine to politics, The Cigarette Century shows how smoking came to be so deeply implicated in our culture, science, policy, and law.Now The World Health Organization now predicts 1 billion deat hs over the next hundred years; ten times as many as died in the 20th century. Smokers have a harder time healing from surgeries, and have more overall health issues than do nonsmokers as many people die every year from illnesses caused by smoking. Smoking increases your chances of getting cancer. Cigarette smoking may play a role in developing many kinds of cancer. Lung cancer is the most common kind of cancer caused by smoking. As the risk of losing your unborn baby or having a stillborn baby is higher if you are pregnant and smoke.Babies born to smoking mothers often weigh less, and are at a higher risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death due to smoking being that 90% of lung cancer cases are due to smoking. Cancer can start in many areas of the mouth, with the most common being on or underneath the tongue, or on the lips. Cigarette smoking was such a normal thing and had been for such a long time it’s difficult to ev en have considered that it could be associated with any sort of disease.Children and teens are especially vulnerable to the hazards of smoking. Because their bodies are not fully mature, smoking interferes with normal lung development in those who begin smoking as children or adolescents. Young people who smoke may become even more strongly addicted to cigarettes and face a greater risk for developing lung cancer than those who start smoking later in life. Teens who smoke are also more likely to have depression or other psychological problems. They are also more likely to engage in other dangerous behaviors like alcohol and/or experimenting with new drugs.Many people in this book did all they could to stop smoking however they were too little to late as soon many of them died as they had fallen victim to the very product that had been the center of their lives. The root causes of cigarette smoking sent shockwaves to the tobacco companies into its core. Physicians advised individuals to cut down on smoking however they couldn’t guarantee anyone that any level of smoking would even be considered as safe. Cigarettes were tied as being the most feared disease of the century placing 2nd only to cancer.Research companies then banded together to focus on product design and make new modifications and small changes to enhance the mildness and try to vary the taste. Tobacco companies soon realized they had lost control of the cultural processes they had utilized in their creation of the modern cigarette. Basically the industries found themselves in uncharted waters and the boat in which they were in was beginning to take on water fast. Having dealing with all these issues corporations responded with unethical disruptions and intrusions into the medical and scientific processes and procedures that were combating the cigarette.The scientists retaliated back by stating, â€Å"If the tobacco people are smart, as we all know they are because they have been enormously successful, then they will support research to find out what the cancer-producing substance is, and then take measures in trying to remove it. † Hill ; Knowlton was one of the world’s five largest public relations firms. The tobacco companies however had taken some precautionary measures of their own being that some local newspapers supported them stating that tobacco companies were taking the right steps in finding out if there was any truth or not in the recent scares about cigarette smoking and lung cancer.Despite all the attention that smoking was getting and accused of factoring human lung cancer, no one has yet established that cigarette smoke, or any of its known ingredients, was cancer causing to humans as research has shown us. Tobacco companies would repeatedly insist that the evidence for the relationship between smoking and lung cancer was based on statistical data and it fundamentally misrepresented the emerging scientific data. As we can conclude that the tobacco industries had used Hill ; Knowlton to its fullest potential placing the harms and health risks of smoking back in the realm of doubt amongst Americans.The industry’s of course maintained its posture of scientific doubts that really created a shield that protected them against new regulatory initiatives. The identification of the cigarette as well as the causes of serious diseases has marked a critical turning point in history regarding public health. Just as the tobacco industry’s had before created technology for mass producing cigarettes they had know developed new techniques of mass producing controversy and doubt into the public. The public health service concluded that the evidence at hand places smoking as the primary factor in the increased incidences of lung cancer.Government agencies had now stepped in and begun to recognize and publicize the harms of cigarettes as well. With the huge amount of evidence from scientists and the government presented to the people it’s only logical for them at the time to draw their own conclusions regarding the concerning effects of cigarette smoking. Reports soon began to fall into the hands of the consumers as the industries sought an opportunity to change its course and begin to warn its consumers about the risks of using their product.Following the releases of these reports the government would assert new authority and take responsibility for the important health concerns during this time. It seemed like now the American public now looked to the government for scientifically public health policies concerning the cigarette. The cigarette seemed to now cower behind our constitution in order to shell itself from persecution now only from the government, but the American consumer. However it’s clear to the udience and the reader as well that Brandt wants us to realize that the cigarette smoker is aware of the medical evidence that clearly indicates cigarettes as the cause of cancer and yet the consumer continues to smoke. Nevertheless, the consumer is aware that a moderate smoker substantially increases his chance of an early death. We can see that the tobacco industries have the power and use their power to shape opinions, behaviors, and actions, in ways that go completely against an individual’s interests in health.For years it was seen that these companies have been completely exempt from our standards of responsibility and accountability when their product causes harm. It should be the right of the individual and consumer to demand that when problems arise the companies be held responsible and accountable for their harmful creation. Time and again, somehow the tobacco industry proves them as remarkable and more evidently successful in finding new ways to evade public health regulations and promote their own death-taking product.It’s clear that they have all means to soil themselves deep into our country and more importantly our pockets. Itâ⠂¬â„¢s important to realize that in the process of recognizing dangers of the cigarette come the strategies for controlling them. Brandt finally concludes that its clear now that with disappointments and failure in the courtrooms comes the responsibility and more importantly the power in a role society must play that could ultimately decide the future and possibly fate of the tobacco industry.

Intercultural Relations Essay

Question: There is no need to study intercultural relation. Discuss Communication occurs between individuals who have varying degree of intimacy within each other. Intercultural relations capability is the degree to which people effectively adapt his/her nonverbal and verbal messages to the appropriate cultural context (Kiss 2008). Intercultural relations can be taken place when individuals influenced by different cultural societies exchange shared meanings in communication. Yet, intercultural relations can be formed of different nationalities, different ethnic and even different religion, as well as communication among individuals of different sexual orientation. However, communicating and exchanging values within different culture of individuals is complex as communication process is apparently complicated involving cognitive process, cultural background, individual’s linguistic capability and even biological process. Stienfatt and Roger 1999, claims that one of the most illuminating aspects of intercultural communication is that it opens our minds to the interplay of varied influenced. The world these days is facing great challenges of an increasingly diverse in cultures. Interaction and exchanging values between individuals from different cultures can lead to a whole host of benefits, for instance establishing good relationships within society and healthier communities. Yet, culture allows individuals to connect in small communities to larger communities through exchanged experiences and values (Lull 1995). Intercultural relations assist students step back from their characteristic point of view of seeing the world and demonstrates the influences that have constructed the ways of viewing this world. Cited in Stienfatt and Roger 1999, Gitlin 1995 indicated the concept of people thinking that human think within the intellectual and cultural currents that surround them. Back into the last decade, invasion; colonialization; and warfare brought individuals among countries with divergent cultures into face-to-face contact. An improvement of technologies in communication and rapidly evolving the transportation has changed the way individuals interact and communicate with each other in terms of intercultural relations and communication. However, people from different cultures are usually representative of divergent norms and psychological elements. The crusade explored that communication through various cultures occurred among individuals by human nature. Jerusalem is one of great examples cities in Middle East where people in different cultures and religions; Muslims; Christian; and Jews living together in relative peacefulness and harmoniousness. After the fall of the Roman Empire, Jerusalem indicated that communication effectiveness among divergent cultures and religions are not relying on the study of intercultural relations. Nevertheless, cited in Yinyan 2013, Y. Y. Kim (1988) argued that person who wishes to accomplish an effective intercultural interaction in terms of intercultural relations must be equipped with skills and abilities to be capable and deal with dynamics of cultural diversity. Yet, cite in Sydney morning herald article, Munro (2009) had explored the experiences of an Australian diplomat who worked in Jakarta decided to resign from her workplace due to the strict rules of international diplomacy. The purpose of this essay is demonstrated the necessity of intercultural relations for human being and discuss the terms of intercultural. People are socialized in their own culture and also different in cultures are different norms. An effectiveness communication in intercultural relations can occur by human being in every generation as indicated in our predecessors in Crusades which is people should be culturally sensitive.

Abortion View Jane English essays

Abortion View Jane English essays The argument which I most concur with is Jane Englishs Abortion and the concept of a person. Her argument highlights moral psychology by suggesting using the pregnant womans point of view. Allowing her to choose to preserve her life by terminating her pregnancy. The approach taken by English is a mostly rights oriented, allowing the woman to make the decision to have an abortion. During the article she also states that utilitarian theory does have some merit, but the traditional approach can be rigged to make consequences of actions limited. Englishs conclusions are that an agreed upon definition of the concept of a person will not end the abortion debate. English states, our concept of a person is not sharp or decisive enough to bear the weight of the abortion controversy. She arrives at this conclusion by reviewing the theories. Mary Anne Warrens five-feature theory, Michael Tooley having a concept of self, Paul Ramsey gene structure and John Noonans conceived of humans. She touches on each of these theories, which show the broad range of views on the concept of a person. She also uses the history of this argument providing examples of Muslims, European common laws beliefs of the definition of a fetus to back up her view. Her second conclusion is the self-defense model, this states that in it is acceptable to use whatever means necessary to protect yourself. The example she gives is that of one who is hypnotized and stands to lose everything that he is known, his career, his personal relationships and his happiness. Upon examination a pregnant woman may face the same type of issues and feelings. Being unable to provide a loving home environment, financial support essentially what the mother views as the ideal environment to raise a child. As well other concerns for example fear personal relationships may suffer, inability to complete education in addition to career p ...

Whats SAT Superscore How Does It Help You

What's SAT Superscore How Does It Help You SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Imagine you take the SAT in the fall of junior year and get an awesome Reading score. Your math, unfortunately, is not so great. To bring it up, you study for the next few months and retake the SAT in the spring. Your math score shoots way up, but your Reading actually decreases from what you got in the fall. What do you do?! Luckily, most colleges have a policy of "superscoring" the SAT, or taking your highest section scores across all dates you took the SAT. Let's break down exactly what superscoring is, why schools do it, and what this means for your SAT game plan. What is SAT Superscoring? Superscoring is the policy by which admissions officers consider your highest section scores from any test date you took the SAT. If you takethe SAT more than once, then schools that SAT superscore will take your highest Critical Reading score, highest Math score, and highest Writing score. Added together, these scores could potentially add up to a much higher total than what you geton any one sitting. Consider this example, where you took the SAT three times. On Test 1, you score highly on Reading. You get a strong Math score on Test 2 and a strong Writing scoreon Test 3. On each individual setting, your composite score is a 1500. But when you superscore? That composite jumps up600 pointsto an impressive 2100! Section Reading Math Writing Composite Test 1 700 400 400 1500 Test 2 400 700 400 1500 Test 3 400 400 700 1500 Superscore 700 700 700 2100 While this is a somewhat extreme example, you can see how this policy could definitely work in your favor, as well as take some of the pressure off any one test. So if you know your colleges will superscore your SAT scores, how can you use this policy to your advantage? Why Superscoring Matters to You If your colleges superscore your SAT results, then you don't have to worry about one section score decreasing while another one goes up. Instead, your highest section scores will be valid and will be used when admissions officersconsider your application. This can take off pressure and stress when you take the SAT, plus it's another reason why taking the SAT more than once is a good idea. Students almost always improve their scores when they retake the SAT, especially if they take the time between tests to do serious, focused test prep. If you know that your colleges will superscore your results, then you could potentially "superscore" your own test. In other words, you could focus intensively on one section at a time. You could devote most of your energies to scoring a great math score on one test date, to Reading on another, and to Writing on the third, for example. This could help space out your studying over time and build up a strong SAT superscore across all the dates you choose to take the test. Not all students have the time or means to take this approach, and it's definitely not the only way to be strategic about taking the SAT. This policy can be helpful, especially for students who benefit from focusing on one section at a time, but you also want to proceed with caution. I still recommend taking every test seriously. You wouldn't want to completely skip a section, as huge fluctuations could still look strange to admissions officers, not to mention raise red flags to College Board scorers. Plus it would just throw off your whole pacing while taking the test. Building up your composite score section by section can be a useful, strategic approach to gaining strong SAT scores for your college applications. Just make sure you're going about it in a thoughtful and advantageous way. Of course, you also have to make sure your colleges have this policy of superscoring the SAT. Which Colleges Superscore the SAT? Many schools offer SAT superscore, but not all of them. Some schools will look at your highest sitting, while others don't publicize their policies and simply encourage you to send all your scores. Make sure to research your schools' policies before incorporating superscoring into your SAT strategy. Some popular colleges that SAT superscore are Boston College, Boston University, Columbia, Georgetown, Harvard, Johns Hopkins, MIT, Princeton, University of Chicago, and the University of Connecticut. Cornell and Stanford, on the other hand, are two schools that are vague about their policies, but want you to send all your SAT scores. If schools don't superscore and don't state a "send all scores" policy, then you might want to consider using Score Choice. This option allows you to choose which score reports to send to your colleges, allowing you to leave one or more out if it haslow scores. Ideally, your schools will superscore your results, as this makes sending your score reports easier and works in your favor. So why do schools look at your SAT scores in this way? Are they just doing it to be nice? Why Do Schools Superscore the SAT? Why do colleges have this helpful policy in place? According to Columbia admissions, they're doing their part to reduce test-taking stress. They say, "We are always seeking to give students the greatest opportunity to showcase their academic talents and hoping to make the testing experience as stress-free as possible." MIT's reasoning is along similar lines: "We do this in order to consider all applicants in their best light." This policy certainly accomplishes these goals, but it likelyalso benefits the colleges along with thestudents. By showing that their accepted students have higher SAT scores, colleges can improve their rankings. Thus superscoring the SAT is beneficial all around. It helps a lot of students show higher SAT scores to schools, and it helps schools show that their students are highly achieving on the SAT. Win-win. Takeaways About SAT Superscoring If you're planning to take the SAT more than once, then superscoring is a beneficial policy. If your scores have ups and downs across different dates, then your schools will just look at your highest section scores. Even if they don't, knowing that your schools superscore can take the pressure off of each test date. You may incorporate this policy into your test prep strategy, if you have the time and means to do so. By studying intensively for one section at a time, you can build up your overall SAT scores over time. Make sure you research the standardized test policies of your colleges well in advance of applications. If they superscore, then you can take the SAT on various dates throughout high school with a very specific section target score in mind each time. In this way, you can use SAT superscoring to maximize your composite scoreand present a stellar SAT score on your college applications. What's Next? Did you know that schools are increasingly adapting test flexible and test optional policies? Some will accept AP or SAT Subject Tests in lieu of the SAT, while others don't require standardized testing at all. Check out the full list of schools who have eliminated the SAT/ACT completely in the application process. Are you planning to take the redesigned SAT in 2016? Read our full guide that details the changes and how you can adjust your prep to get ready for the redesign. Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

The Coca-Cola Company Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Coca-Cola Company - Research Paper Example We will be looking at several types of financial ratios available in assessing the financial position of The Coca-Cola Company: Liquidity Ratios, Asset Management Ratios, Profitability Ratios and Gearing Ratios. The quantitative findings in this segment can be found in the Appendix section of this report. The results show that The Coca-Cola Company has a good Liquidity Ratio. The company’s Current Ratio is 1.12 (0.95 in Q1 2008) and its Quick Ratio is 0.94 (0.80 in Q1 2008). This means that The Coca-Cola Company is still able to generate enough cash to settle its short-term liabilities. There has been a slight improvement in its Liquidity Ratio compared with the previous quarter. As a guide, a current ratio of 2 is ideal. However, in the company’s case, 46% of its Current Assets (42% in Q1 2008) are made up of cash and cash equivalents. At a glance, the company’s assets are being managed efficiently. Its Inventory Turnover is 1.13 (1.07 in Q1 2008), which shows t hat company is trading better. Its inventories declined by 6% in the first quarter of 2009 whereas its sales increased by 3% in the same quarter of 2008. Nevertheless, the company should take note that over increasing its inventories may adversely affect its business performance. This is because costs associated with holding inventories for too long can be very expensive. As such, managing its inventories well is recommended. There is a slight improvement in the Average Collection Days of 39 (43 Days in Q1 2008). Although the company is able to meet its short-term liabilities; it should still make an effort to improve the collection of its debts. The credit term given to its customers is not stated; however, as a guideline, 30 days is recommended. In this case, the company’s customers are enjoying slightly more than the normal credit terms and this should be monitored.

Australia's population is ageing which will seriously affect the Essay

Australia's population is ageing which will seriously affect the future of the country. Do you agree - Essay Example The population of Australia has a very less proportion of people aged 65 years and above. Out of the total population, only 23% fall in this particular age group. Several researchers have discussed about the problems that would arise in future in Australia due to ageing population (Walker, 1998). A lot of initiatives have been adopted by the Australian government with the target of lessening the augmented healthcare costs linked with the ageing population in Australia (Walker, 1997). Thesis Statement Based on the aforesaid issue, the assignment intends to study about the growing issues of ageing population in Australia. It is often observed that this particular issue impose adverse impact upon political along with economic conditions of the nation. The paper attempted to reveal the causes and the effects of this growing issue in the country. The main objective of this assignment is to justify whether the ageing population would affect the future of the nation or not. ... The government is adopting along with executing several measures and brought about numerous changes in its tax system in order to help the Australian families. It is also looking after the improvement of the assistance provided to the families so as to balance between their responsibilities towards family and their work. The other vital cause is the long life expectancy of the people in Australia. The life expectancy in the year 1960 was 68 years but it has grown to 78 years by the year 2004 (Commonwealth of Australia, 2004). The government of Australia observed that the number of immigrants must be increased to maintain the present age structure. It has been argued that this solution might not eradicate the problem of ageing but certain benefits can be reaped from it. In this regard, one of the benefits can be regarded as declined labour supply growth (Committee for Economic Development of Australia, 2004). It has been viewed that the growing Australia’s ageing population cre ates effect on labour force partaking rate. The Australian government is facing a problem in the falling employment rate due to the growth of ageing population (Commonwealth of Australia, 2005). The country seems to face more challenges in the field of ageing as it is regarded as one of the nations having lowest population. The Australian Bureau of Statistics has estimated that by the year 2056, the median age might have a rapid increase in the nation. Thus, the ageing population has become quite a challenging factor for the nation affecting its economy at large. In response, the Australian government is adopting and executing certain effective measures to mitigate the problem or the issue. Effects of Ageing In Future The growing ageing