Ionic Sieving Properties of Graphene Oxide (GO) Membranes

Ionic Sieving Properties of Graphene Oxide (GO) MembranesABSTRACT We characterized the ionic sieving properties of graphene oxide (GO) membranes by performing classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The Lerf-Klinowski model is used for GO nanosheets structure. The Optimized Potentials for Liquid Simulations for every atoms (OPLS-AA) force field is used for GO potential. The SPC/E model is used for peeing molecules. We show that GO membranes put up act as reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, although the wet lean in GO membranes is hundred sequences faster than RO membranes. In this work two important factors in ionic sieving process argon studied. runner the GO layers separation and second the air pressure of piddle. Each simulation runs until at least half of the piss molecules are desalinated. The water flux, permeability, brininess rejection, potential of pixilated force (PMF), and radial distribution percentage (RDF) are measured. We show that the GO membranes sp ate be the appropriate choice for desalination of seawater in prox due to the simplicity in production, low cost, fast water flow, and great ion rejection ability.By 2030 nearly half the global population could be facing water scarcity, with demand outstripping supply by 40 percent, said United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon.Over 97% of the water on the Earth is saline water and only three percent is fresh water and about two thirds of this fresh water is frozen.So in the near future the only way to submit fresh water is desalination of seawater. There are common ways to desalinate seawater like reverse osmosis (RO) or regularitys based on distillation. In the RO method an applied pressure is used to overcome natural osmotic pressure so water passes through a semi-permeable membrane leaving salt behind. In the Distillation methods seawater is evaporated and then condensed to produce freshwater. Both methods require a lot of energy and are very costly.Recently nanotube-base d membranes and graphene-based membranes have attracted more interests for their potential in water desalination due to their high permeability and great ion rejection. Although these membranes have a great theoretical advantages, the problem of deduction and deceitfulness is a major challenge for producing cost effective membranes.Graphene oxide (GO) is a chemic derivative of graphene with several functional groups such as epoxide and hydroxyl that is produced from graphite by the Hummers method. GO has been synthe sized and fabricated in the forms of makeups and films in the industrial-scale. Functional groups and layers separation of GO membranes can optimized simply during synthesis process to achieve best deed for desalination.In the GO membranes, water molecules permeate through the nanochannels amid oxidized regions (pristine regions), which are provided by the hydrophobicity of functional groups. Particles that have a smaller size than the GO nanochannels can permeate in the GO membrane with speed orders of magnitude greater than common membranes.Dry GO membranes have a layers separation of 51 angstroms which only lets water vapor molecules permeate through the nanochannels. When a GO membrane is immersed in water, it is swelled so the layers separation is increased to 121 angstroms. Na+ is the smallest ion in the saline water which has a hydrated diameter of 9 . Therefore after swelling of the membrane, small ions such as Na+ can permeate easier which leads to reduction of ion rejection. Several methods have been tried to prevent swelling of GO membranes, such as physical confinement, and crosslinking of nanosheetsIn this paper we present a next generation of ultrathin membranes which have remarkable abilities like high permeability, good ion rejection, and great resistance to blockage. Furthermore the simple and cheap methods for synthesis of GO membranes make them energy efficient.We performed Classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations us ing the large-scale atomic molecular massively parallel simulator (LAMMPS).The VMD and OVITO were used for analysis and visualization. each(prenominal) simulations were carried out in NVT ensemble with a Nos-Hoover thermostat and a damping constant of 10 femtoseconds. The equations of motion were integrated with a time step of 1 femtosecond using the swiftness-verlet algorithm. The periodic boundary conditions (PBC) were applied for all three directions.The all-atom optimized potential for liquid simulations (OPLS-AA) is used for graphene oxide (GO) and salt ions.This potential contains many-body terms, including bond stretching, bond angle bending, van der Waals, and electrostatic interactions. In addition, OPLS uses a geometric combining rule for the Lennard-Jones coefficients. The extended simple point charge model (SPC/E) is used for water molecules, quest previous studies on similar systems. The force field parameters are given in the table S1 to table S4 completely ( agniz e supporting information).The SHAKE algorithm is applied for water molecules to subvert high frequency vibrations that require shorter time steps. The interaction betwixt water and GO includes both van der Waals and electrostatic terms. The van der Waals forces are truncated at 1.0 nm, and the long-range Coulomb interactions are computed by using the particle-particle particle-mesh (PPPM) algorithm.As it is seen in the figure S1 (see supporting information), in our model of GO, both hydroxyl and epoxide groups are considered, following the LerfKlinowski model that is the most well-known model for GO.The structure of the single sheet of GO was considered as 1.5-3 nm2 containing 18 epoxide and 25 hydroxyl groups. The oxygen functional groups were distributed on both sides of GO sheet. The single sheet of GO contains 206 carbon atoms and 43 oxygen atoms. Therefore, the ratio of C/O is about 4.8 which is in consistent with the LerfKlinowski model. The size of simulation box in the x, y and z directions were about 17, 37 and 11 nm respectively. For preventing the membrane from movement, carbon atoms in the edges of the sheets were fixed.In the first step, a membrane was knowing with 13 GO sheets and two layers according to the GO membranes structure proposed in previous studies. Distance between the edges was considered 2 nm. count S2 shows the designed membrane (see supporting information).Simulations were carried out for multiple values of layers separation from 7 to 8.5 angstroms with increment of 0.5 angstroms. For each choice of layers separation, three simulations were run for different nominal water pressures of 500 atm, 1000 atm, and 2000 atm. These turnings are nominal pressures but in the fare side of simulation box using voronoi atom volume estimation, feed pressure determined as 600 atm, 980 atm, and 1600 atm.Water pressure on the feed side of the membrane was enforced by applying specified and uniform forces in the z-direction to the diver atoms , thus ensuring that the water pressure was kept constant. Figure S3 shows the membrane with the layers separation of 8.5 angstroms, water, salt ions, and the piston (see supporting information). In the Figure S3a after 0.1 ns water molecules are in the pressure of 2000 atm and in the Figure S3b after 14 ns, we have 94 percent salt rejection and more than half of water molecules purified.In our simulations, saltwater was generated on the feed side of the membrane, consisted of 4800 water molecules and 52 Na+/Cl pairs, corresponding to a salt concentration of 35.5 g/L, which is close to the frequent salinity of seawater (35 g/L).Figure 1a shows the flux of water (volume per unit of time per area) termination through the membrane as a function of applied pressure and layers separation. In our simulations, we had to use high pressures in compare to typical pressures that is needed for desalination, because we have a time scale limit in molecular dynamics. We can solve this problem wi th calculating permeability (volume per unit of time per area per pressure) of membrane that is shown in figure 1b. An other possible method is extrapolating the graphs in figure 1a to low pressures like 10 atm, so we can reach to appropriate flux due to approximately linear relation (R2=0.99). In figure 1b it is obvious that with increase the layers separation, the membrane permeability increases linearly (R2=0.98). As it is expected the numbers for membrane permeability are in consistent with other reports.Figure 1c shows salt rejection for the membranes with different layers separation and different water pressures. table salt passage was calculated from proportion of filtered salt ions number at time t (t is the time that half of the water molecules passed from membrane) to initial salt ions number in the feed side. So we have salt rejection = (1 salt passage). As it is seen in the figure 1c, with increasing the pressure or layers separation, salt rejection reduces which is ex pected. It is clear that with using lower water pressures like 10 atm, we can achieve higher ion rejection.Figure 2a shows the number of water molecules versus time in the membrane part. For each value of separation there is a limit for number of water molecules that can be in the membrane. In the simulations with higher pressures, the membrane gets filled faster as it is shown in figure 2b. Furthermore in longer times (about 15 ns) the separation value controls the number of water molecules in the membrane. Therefore, without attention to the water pressure, anyway the membrane is filled with water completely.Figure 3 indicates number of filtered water molecules against time. The graphs are plotted at the time that half of the water molecules are desalinated. According to the figure 3b, it is obvious that after about 5 ns the membrane is filled approximately. So we can see a stable flow due to linear relationship between filtered molecules and time. Figure 3a shows water flow for d ifferent layers separation and figure 3b shows water flow for different pressures in constant separation value.Figure 4 is the 3D color map for potential of mean force (PMF) for a particle firing through two sheets of GO. The PMF was calculated from steered molecular dynamics (SMD). We used harmonic potential U = K(x x0)2/2, where K is 20 Kcal/mole-angstrom2 and end of spring moving with velocity of 0.00005 angstrom/femtosecond that is enough for reversible pulling. For checking the reversible pulling, the SMD was performed in X direction and -X direction at same width, but the results were same. Also using umbrella take in and weighted histogram analysis method (WHAM) give us the same results as SMD for PMF calculation. For creating each PMF map, 30 simulations were performed to cover all of the GO layers width. We have done these simulations for 3 different layers separation. So we have a PMF map that shows barriers and valleys of energy all over the GO layers completely.In fig ure 4a, 4b, and 4c the PMF are plotted for Cl ion that strait from one side of GO layers to another side. In each path, Cl ion sees many barriers that prevent from movement of the ions. Also the ions can stuck in the valleys of energy between the barriers. Figure 4d, 4e, and 4f show PMF map for Na ion. In comparison to Cl ion, the barriers are shorter and valleys have a higher depth. So the Na ions in the valleys can move out with lower energy than Cl ions. PMF for weewee molecule in figure 4g, 4h, and 4i are shown. Flat surfaces indicate easy movement of H2O molecules across GO layers without encountering any barriers or valleys. As we can see in all of the plots, with increasing the layers separation, height of barriers and depth of valleys are reduced so the ions and water molecules move easier.Figure 5 shows salt concentration in the three part of feed, membrane, and filtered against time. In figure 5a the simulation is selected with layers separation of 8 angstroms and pressu re of 2000 atmosphere. At the first of all simulations the salt concentration is 35.5 g/lit in the feed part which is same as sea water salinity. Salt concentration of feed part is slightly increased until reach to 90 g/lit at the time that half of the water molecules are desalinated. In the filtered part there are some peaks showing passage of ions through membrane. After the each peak, the salt concentration is reduced until the next peak because of passing water molecules from membrane into filtered part. Salt concentration in the membrane part fluctuates around the mean value of 17 g/lit until the end of simulation. So this fluctuation is enough to ensure that the membrane blockage does not occur even in higher salt concentrations like 90 g/lit. In figure 5b the layers separation is 8.5 angstroms with the water pressure of 2000 atmosphere. As we can see the behavior of plots is similar to figure 5a except number of peaks in the filtered part.Figure S4 indicates radial distributi on function (RDF) for water and functional groups in GO layers (see supporting information). Figure S4a shows correlation between oxygen and hydrogen in water. Figure S4b presents RDF between oxygen in water and hydrogen in hydroxyl groups. Figure S4c shows RDF between hydrogen in water and oxygen in hydroxyl groups. Figure S4d shows correlation between hydrogen in water and oxygen of epoxide groups. The first peak in all of the plots in figure S4 shows length of hydrogen bond. As we can see in the figure the longest hydrogen bond is belong to hydrogen of water and oxygen of epoxide.We show that nanometer-scale pores in single-layer freestanding graphene can effectively filter NaCl salt from water. Using classical molecular dynamics, we report the desalination performance of such membranes as a function of pore size, chemical functionalization, and applied pressure.

How Successful Is Rolex Marketing Essay

How Successful Is Rolex Marketing EssayRolex is among the top rank luxury grunges in the wrist observation post assiduity that has created its distinctive position in the grocery by pointing only affluent raft. Rolex has been targeting niche market since its initial days the main aim of the company is to take into account quality seeking people with the best wristwatches that have been designed with superior quality raw materials and people who have expertise in this field. The watches are certain with highly experienced and well-trained people who have thorough knowledge and come acrossing round the wristwatch designing and manufacturing.In order to reach the proficient target market, Rolex has made a drastic changed in its market dodge by moving from traditional mediums such(prenominal) as Television Advertisements and advertisements in saucyspapers and magazines to credit endorsements such as Roger Federer and events sponsorships both of these elements have created a new image in the market. As people are leaveing to invest in those brands that will grow their relationship with their favorite personalities, Rolex has capitalized on this aspect.The primary research conducted among the college students revealed that they are willing to own Rolex brand as it helps them in weakening an association with their favorite star. Hence, Rolex is doing war-ridden merchandise so that it nominate capture the at decenniumtion of its target market, enhance its distinctive image worldwide and keep on making valuable donation in the wristwatch industry.IntroductionIn luxury wristwatches industry, Rolex is the leading name and it has become a status symbol worldwide. Since Rolex has been meeting the demands of its guests for so many old age and has become among the top hundred brands of the world, it is of great interest to know the secret of the success of Rolex. One of the st ramblegic aspects of every brand is its marketing system because it gives it a sense of direction about the efforts that need to be through with(p) so that it can capture the attention of its target market and convey positive essence to its customers (Key Note, 2011).Research Objectives and QuestionsThe main research objectives of this study areTo gather information about top brands of wristwatch industry.To identify the marketing activities conducted by Rolex to attract the customers.To approximate the image held by the customers about Rolex brand.In order to understand the current marketing strategy employed by Rolex, following research questions will be addressed to achieve the objectives of the studyWhy is Rolex such a successful brand?What is the marketing strategy followed by Rolex to maintain its position in the market?Why are the customers of Rolex satisfied with its wristwatches?Importance of the StudyThe study will help in understanding the importance of marketing strategy in creating right positioning in the market. When the marketing strate gies of top ranked brands are study, an in-depth understanding about the relevant topic can be developed. Rolexs current marketing strategy will assist in analyzing the success of Rolex in such dynamic and competitive wristwatch industry.Limitations of the StudyThe scope of the research is limited as at that place are both time and resource constraints. The research is exploratory in nature and it is comprised of questionnaire-survey. The questionnaire has been designed in consensus with the previous work done by any(prenominal) authors as the questions are designed in accordance with the variables identified to be studied for the research designing which is discussed in the Literature follow section. The availability of sharp study of the subject was another constraint as the researcher is inexperienced and may lack certain skills which can affect the research paper.Literature ReviewBrief Introduction of RolexWhenever a customer wears Rolex watch, it enhances the persons per sonality which traces a statement that the person has a great taste of style and fashion (Gautschi, 2005). Since Rolex watches are designed exclusively for upper class, only selected group of people can enjoy the prestige of owning the brand. Rolex has been in the market since 1995 and it is has its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. It has employed more than four thousand watchmakers in about one hundred countries (Mulier, 2010).Rolex was the first brand to introduce waterproof watch in the year 1926. All of the watches are designed with fine quality materials and everything is done in detail so that there are no defects in the final products (Brandz, 2010). In order to build a successful brand in the market, it is all important(p) for the companies to focus on development of realistic and well-designed marketing strategy that will support them in achieving their desired objectives (Wansink, 2003). Likewise, brand equity, brand image and marketing strategy are the main areas o f studying a brand as they help in determining the factors that influence the customers to make a purchasing decision (Saha, 2012).Marketing StrategyThe marketing strategy is one of the key elements of every stage business plan because the mediums that can be use to reach the target market have to be selected dofully. It is important for an organization to design its marketing strategy on the basis of ii approximately important factors i.e. who is being targeted (target market profile) and which mediums will be applicable for communicating right message about the brand (Keller, 2008). Like any business plan, marketing strategy has a set of objectives that a company wants to achieve for its survival in the market the key to developing right position in the market is to develop a set of goals on the basis of critical factors which will in addition help a company to monitor the effectiveness of its marketing strategy (Rao, Agrawal Dahlhoff, 2004).A good marketing strategy is one that is developed with the consensus of the management team of a company and its employees so that there are fewer chances that any important point is overlooked (World Watch Report, 2012). In order to develop an effective marketing strategy, the foremost thing to consider is the target market as it will give an indication about the direction that the company should follow to achieve its goals. An ideal strategy is one that makes the best use of both traditional and online marketing mediums to create, maintain and strengthen its position in the market (Coupland, 2005).In order to attract the customers appropriately, the best way is to design a marketing strategy that has a perfect blend of Above-the-line (ATL) activities and Below-the-line (BTL) activities along with Public Relations and promotional activities (Key Note, 2011). ATL activities comprise of Advertisements on Television and Radio and in newspapers and magazine all of these forms require slow amount of investment. BTL a ctivities include brochures, leaflets, billboards, flyers, buntings and etc. the cost of these activities is comparatively less than that of ATL activities. The marketing activities of each company is determined that is compatible with the type of product or swear out offering, the target audience and marketing budget (Brandz, 2010).For instance, the marketing activities of Unilever comprise of advertisements, sponsorship of events, promotional offers, billboards and credit endorsements. Standard Chartered uses the ATL and BTL activities for consumer segment and one to one marketing for the business segment. Hence, every organization and brand has to ensure that it designs a marketing strategy after doing careful market analysis as it has to gather information about the activities that competitors are doing, the latest trend in the market, customers changing needs, changes in business environment and modification in trade policies worldwide (Gautschi, 2005).Marketing Strategy of R olexThe two main elements of Rolex strategy are tradition and conservatism which means that it has the same(p) product and same communication strategy for decades. The communication strategy is unique that complements the note constituent of its products that has enabled the company to maintain its competitive edge in the wristwatch industry. When the brand started growing in popularity, it kept nurturing itself and added glory endorsement so that the customers can develop an association with the brand (Saha, 2012).One interesting fact about Rolex strategy is that it has created a mystery element around its brand which has been an appealing frolic for the customers (Brandz, 2010). It has been considered as a male watch for a long period and it has started to penetrate slowly into the female wristwatch market. The backward vertical integration is done by the company so that future supply can be secured and there is less competition within the industry. From the study of Rolex adve rtisements and marketing activities such as sponsorship of events, it is evident that its marketing strategy is truly a sponsorship and celebrity endorsement strategy.There are two distinctive categories of advertisement done by Rolex i.e. celebrity endorsements and pure product campaigns. The most commonly utilize medium of advertisements is publishing ads in newspapers and magazines, running Television Commercials and displaying billboards. However, celebrity endorsement is done at a wider level as it helps in developing a luxury brand image. In order to understand the effectiveness of Rolex marketing strategy, Brandz (2010) and Mullier (2010) conducted researches to evaluate the impact of celebrity endorsement on the customers the survey was carried out and it was found that people buy Rolex because it allows the user to experience the sensation of being a celebrity and wearing the watch enhances the personality of the person as it makes a person stand out from the crowd.The end orsements by celebrity also helps in getting trust of the customers as they weigh that any endorsement done by a well-known personality emphasizes that the product or service is genuine and it is worth giving so frequently money. Most people buy luxury goods so that they can have nearly similarity with their favorite personalities hence, Rolex is using this strategy to capture its customers and has been successful in increasing its market section at a faster pace (World Watch Report).In this research, the key terminologies that are studied are brand association, customer loyalty and celebrity endorsement. Brand association is the sense of belonging that the customer develops when using a particular brand, customer loyalty is the customers desire of purchasing the same brand on repeated basis and celebrity endorsement is using celebrities in the advertisement to promote a brand (Keller, 2008).Research MethodologyThe nature of the research is both qualitative and quantitative as t he topic is vast and there are no concrete definitions available for the concepts that are being studied i.e. brand association, marketing strategy, customer loyalty and celebrity endorsement. Since the human factors are being studied, it is important that after gathering sufficient theoretical knowledge, the data store is analyzed properly. The data is collected by conducting both primary and secondary researches. The secondary sources of information are compiled mainly from the research journals and articles along with the books available on many online stores. The variables for the study are deduced after careful evaluation of all factors. The variables have been defined in detail so that an understanding about the purpose of research can be easily developed.The primary data is collected by conducting a small survey that comprise of fifty respondents. Online data assemblage method was utilise to reach the respondents as contacting them via email was the easiest method. The sam pling method used was convenience sampling as all the respondents were college students and accessing data via online survey was the most feasible option. When the questionnaire was developed, a pilot test was done on ten respondents to determine the understanding capability of the respondents and to ensure that the respondents had no difficulty in the questionnaires.The questionnaire comprised on ten structured questions so that the respondents had to select the option that best met their opinion. The main aim of this survey was to identify the image of Rolex in young people and also to determine the meaning of brand association in this market. Although the brand is considered to be a luxury brand but it is vital to get the viewpoint of the customers to understand the factors that led to the development of such image. The questions revolved around the key concepts i.e. brand association, customer loyalty and celebrity endorsement. Other factors that can impact the marketing strateg y were studied to identify the extent to which they can have impact on the customers such as Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities, ethical practices, environmental loving policies and business operations, Public Relations and many more.Since the response rate is slow in online data collection method, the entire data was collected in ten days. When some of the respondents gave half-filled questionnaires, they were asked to fill them again and submit a completely filled questionnaire. Some interviews were also planned with Rolex marketing people but due to some important project, interview sessions were not conducted otherwise, the information would have been more authentic and up-to-date. Once the data was collected, it was then entered in the excel sheet which was later used for in-depth analysis.When data analysis was done, undue care was given to the tools used for analysis. Since the main purpose was to understand Rolex association in customers minds, the analysis wa s kept simple as most of the data is presented in descriptive statistics i.e. frequency, percentage, means and etc. so that readers can easily understand the findings of the research. The main problems encountered during the research were slow response rate and cancellation of interviews with Rolexs marketing department people.FindingsThe data collected from primary and secondary researches showed that the luxury brands in the wristwatch industry are Rolex, Omega, Dior, Cartier, Tag Heuer and Swatch. Majority of the people ranked Rolex and Cartier as the best luxury brands that have high quality and give the users a sense of pride for owning the watch of leading brands. The key factor that influenced in creation of such perception was the celebrity endorsement. More than 80% of the respondents that they get attracted those advertisements that have their favorite personalities or celebrities as they know that the person will assort the truth about the brand.Almost 70% of the respond ents agreed that they buy a brand because they want to develop an association with their favorite star and want to share something similar so that they can enjoy the feeling of belongingness with their aspiring personality. The respondents agreed that Rolex is a luxury brand and they can only recall those ads that had some celebrity in them as it is easier to recall a brand in this way. Only 60% of the respondents were aware of CSR activities and sponsored events organized by Rolex it shows that the celebrity endorsement strategy whole kit best for Rolex customers.From the primary research, it was found that only 10% had a Rolex watch which was given to them as a gift remaining 90% agreed that the wrong of Rolex watches is high and only few people can afford to buy them. Even when such luxury brand watches are bought, they need to be handled with care because slight negligence can cause huge amount of repairing cost. The respondents believe that there should be a separate line of watches for those people who are flavor for premium quality watches but at affordable rates.ConclusionRolex is a luxury brand that can be bought by only selected group of people the company has clarity about its target market and has designed its marketing strategy in accordance with the market requirements. The current marketing strategy used by Rolex comprises of celebrity endorsement and sponsoring of events. Majority of the advertisements are placed in magazines and newspapers of elite class so that they can be informed about the watches. When new watch is introduced by the company, advertisements are run on Television so that awareness about the product can be created.Rolex has created distinctive image in the market by portraying itself as the luxurious brand that is worn by celebrities. Everyone who wants to develop an association with any of the favorite personalities is buying and using Rolex watches. Hence, the marketing strategy used by Rolex has helped it in achieving i ts set goals of marketing strategy and it has positioned itself distinctively from its competitors.

Reflection and Enemies of Promise :: Reflection Enemies

In the last three decades, a great advance in heritable research and biotech has occurred. Max Born said in his essay, Reflection, But suddenly, about three hundred years ago, an explosion of mental activity occurred novel attainment and technology were born. Since then, they begin increased at an ever growing rate, probably faster than exponentially, and are now transforming the human world beyond credit rating (209). Similarly, Michael Bishop said in Enemies of Promise, We live in an age of scientific triumph. Science has solved many of natures puzzles and greatly enlarged human knowledge (237). Both scientists claim written their essays forward the present controversies over genetic engineering and the biotechnology research, but it is amazing how true their predictions are, considering the number of protests and fears generated by these researches.   The genetic engineering science has always been in the human mind since the famous French scientist, Men del, discovered the genetic dominant characters in some plants in the 16th century, and he started cut through changing the characters to larn strong plants with fast growth and more production. Nowadays after discovering the DNA by the American scientist James Watson . . . that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material (138), genetic engineering became a matter of interest for many scientists. Every scientist is nerve-racking to use a upstart method either on plant or animal to increase its production. Some of these new methods are being employ already, and many of the victualss that muckle eat now are mass-produced through many methods of the genetic engineering to feed worlds overpopulation.    The world population is increasing staggeringly because of medical progress. music has overcome most plagues and epidemic diseases and it has doubled the human life span within a single gen eration the result is harmful overpopulation (Born 209). Because of the increase  in population the demand for food has also increased such as in India and China. Also the decrease of the water resources, because of earths dryness, has worsened the food production situations as in different parts of Africa. Therefore, population increase and earths dryness give very good reasons for scientists to do their research on growing a new technology that will provide human needs.Reflection and Enemies of Promise Reflection EnemiesIn the last three decades, a great advance in genetic research and biotechnology has occurred. Max Born said in his essay, Reflection, But suddenly, about three hundred years ago, an explosion of mental activity occurred modern science and technology were born. Since then, they have increased at an ever growing rate, probably faster than exponentially, and are now transforming the human world beyond recognition (209). Similarly, Michael Bishop said in Enemies of Promise, We live in an age of scientific triumph. Science has solved many of natures puzzles and greatly enlarged human knowledge (237). Both scientists have written their essays before the present controversies over genetic engineering and the biotechnology research, but it is amazing how true their predictions are, considering the number of protests and fears generated by these researches.   The genetic engineering science has always been in the human mind since the famous French scientist, Mendel, discovered the genetic dominant characters in some plants in the 16th century, and he started cross changing the characters to get strong plants with fast growth and more production. Nowadays after discovering the DNA by the American scientist James Watson . . . that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material (138), genetic engineering became a matter of interest for many scient ists. Every scientist is trying to use a new method either on plant or animal to increase its production. Some of these new methods are being used already, and many of the foods that people eat now are mass-produced through many methods of the genetic engineering to feed worlds overpopulation.    The world population is increasing tremendously because of medical progress. Medicine has overcome most plagues and epidemic diseases and it has doubled the human life span within a single generation the result is catastrophic overpopulation (Born 209). Because of the increase  in population the demand for food has also increased such as in India and China. Also the decrease of the water resources, because of earths dryness, has worsened the food production situations as in different parts of Africa. Therefore, population increase and earths dryness give very good reasons for scientists to do their research on developing a new technology that will provide human need s.

Comparing the Second Coming and to Things Fall Apart :: comparison compare contrast essays

The atomic number 42 Coming Compared to Things Fall Apart The book Things Fall Apart , by Chinua Achebe , is very similar to the poem , The Second Coming by William Butler Yeats. Seeing the line Things fall obscure in the poem , Achebe makes an outstanding association. At this point in time he says to himself, I should name my book Things Fall Apart, It will show the main idea of the book. One of the many cooccurring concepts between the two is the daunted apprehension of both the poem and the book. In Things Fall Apart it seems like whenever the main character, Okonkwo, gains hope things happen to fall apart . The contents of The Second Coming told of a chaotic world and a base that could not hold because of its own inner conflicts. In increment to the synonymous feeling both the book and the poem give, they both expose a great shift from and old era to a new era. The Second Coming reveals an apocolypse. Yeats shows this change by describing the conversions our world , as a global community, made throughout history. Key lines that refer to these changes in time are turn of events and Turning in the widening gyre the falcon cannot hear the falconer. These lines refer to the constant adjustments we have to make and also the fact that we cannot go back in time . Chinua Achebe also reveals a study shift by describing Umuofa as it was in the beginning. In describing Umuofa as it was originally he makes it easier to catch sight of the major changes throughout the story. Another coinciding idea in both pieces is the sacrifice of something to avoid changes that come along . Okonkwo closures his life as a last furbish up . In doing this he feels that he saves his honor and heritage . He also kills himself to dodge the pain and suffering that Christianity brought to his culture . The Second Coming warns us of an apocolypse . The apocolypse is the end of civilization in our world . What makes the poem so synonymous to the book is that in either case it is not possible to stop the changes from happening . A fourth coinciding idea in these two literary pieces is the loss of control of a higher military unit over a lower power .

Kessler’s Philosophy of Education :: Educational Educating Teaching Essays

Kesslers Philosophy of Education The dictionary defines the word philosophy as the general principles or laws of a field of knowledge, activity, etc. I, myself define philosophy as my beliefs, values, and opinion on a subject. Specifically in this paper, the subject I will be speaking about is my philosophy of precept. What is my philosophy of education you might be asking? I will answer this question as well as talk about many other aspects of education. These aspects acknowledge the nature of students, the nature of knowledge, the purpose of public education, method, and curriculum. The first aspect of education I am going to talk about is the nature of students. I reserve with Rousseau that people are born innocent, neither skillful nor evil. I also agree with Rousseau in that a persons environment determines whether they are good or evil. For example, if you grow up in a stable home with a family with good moral values and beliefs, then you are most liab le(predicate) to have those same morals and beliefs and be a good person. However, if you grow up in a family with no morals and no standards and grow up in a home of crime, then you are more likely to follow in your familys footsteps and be an evil person. I also reckon that not all people are born with the same intelligence. Everyone is different no two people have the same intelligence. Different people give the gate grasp certain things easier than others can. Some people are just born good at doing something while others have to work a little harder to r each(prenominal) a certain goal. The nature of knowledge is either relative or absolute. I feel that the nature of knowledge is relative. I believe, as Rousseau does in that each person needs to construct his or her own knowledge rather than memorizing something. I think it is important to learn from experience, not just learn from memorizing a map, or memorizing science or geography. People need to create their o wn knowledge and they can do this by learning from experience. I myself always instal it easier to learn from my own experiences rather than to sit and try to memorize something and then apply it.

Journey to the Midwest: The German Immigration :: essays research papers fc

Journey to the Midwest The German ImmigrationMany German immigrants in 1901 risked e realthing for a dream of better things in America and the see to it of freedom and wealth. Although, when they arrived many realized that the streets were not paved with gold as they had believed, but rather filth. This is the detailed description of why one family left Germany, what happened afterward they arrived in America, and how they adapted to life in the Midwest.Momma- I have arrived in America finally. The journey was long and crowded on the boat, but hopeful. I was well-chosen that Wilhelm was here to travel with me. We knew when we had reached America, there was a beautiful statue of a woman and it gave us all hope to see it. She was a great welcome into the country. When we got cancelled the ship, we were ushered to a smaller boat and taken to this beautiful island. The building was large and beautiful. Immediately, men in uniform gave us a stamp on our vestments and we had to stand inline with the other people from our ship. It took all day and we spoke to many people, they asked us questions and looked at our eyes. There was nowhere to sit, so we were very tired at the end of the day. Finally though, we made it through and we are in America Wilhelm and I are traveling to see papa now. We are so worked up to see papa, although the journey to see him maybe long. Momma, please be strong and kiss Heinrich for me. I miss you and pray that I will see you and the family very soon. Love, EddaToday, many Germans live throughout the U.S. especially in the Midwest. More likely then not, they came here in the late 1800s- 1900s. During the 1860s many revolutions took ordinate in Germany and many families experienced the poverty that almost always follows war. In one 20 year span, in the late 1800s, Germany went to war at least(prenominal) 7 times taking on neighboring countries such as Austria, France, Belgium and Russia. Much money was spent on the war effort in Germ any. spate were taxed heavily just to buy bullets for the army. Through all this, word was spread like wild fire through Germany that a new country in the west across the water was offering freedom and a promise of happiness for anyone who would make the long journey to the new country America.

The Causes of World War II Essay -- American History, World War Two, p

From the Treaty of Versailles, to the rise of Hitler, and the failure of the League of Nations, there were many causes that lead up to World War II. World War I left Germany with many shortfalls, thus leaving them in the hands of the Treaty of Versailles. Rather unfair of a Treaty, this left Germany once again looking for another way out. A country resented by many had no other choice but to aspect optimistic toward Adolph Hitlers empty promises making it substantially simple for him to gain power so quick. Throw in the big(p) Depression, and you have a vastly seismal domain of a function, which the Germans believed Hitler would lead them out of.After World War One, Germany was thrown into downward spiral. They were left with a monstrous touchstone of un plighted people, and they were still unhappy astir(predicate) being the scapegoat of World War One, thus according to the Treaty of Versailles. Looking for a way to rebuild, Hitler came in at a perfect time. Adolph Hitler do t hem many promises, ensuring them that in believing in him, Germany would be great once again. One of his many promises was that he would stimulate employment. To do this, he promised that he would employ the unemployed, by giving them jobs building roads, stadiums, etc. Hitler promised the middle class he would reinstate small business profits, and communist threat. He also promises farmers the reimbursement for their losses during the Great Depression, by raising the prices of their produce.Another one of Hitlers many promises was that he would destroy the Treaty of Versailles. The Treaty of Versailles fundamentally blamed Germany for everything, stating that Germany accepted the guilt in create the war. Germany signed under protest. It stated that Germany was to pay for the reparat... ... They werent allowed any more than 100,000 men in their army, they were only entitled to keep six battleships, they were not to create and assortment of powerful aircraft. The Germans believed this was only to keep them weak. Enter Hitler, and his obliterating the Treaty of Versailles. He led Germany in rearming in 1933, and Hitler proclaimed they would be ready for war by 1940. Hitler basically destroyed the Treaty of Versailles by 1939, and thus World War II began with the invasion of Poland. All in all, there were many events and a vast amount of problems that ignited World War II. Its amazing how so many different aspects can all snowball into having the same motive of causing a world war. With so many powerful individuals all wanting something different (peace, power), it was just a recipe for disaster. Evidently, a nation under stress isnt a big(a) nation at all.